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The study of psychology in philosophical context dates back to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, and India. Psychology began adopting a more clinical^[1] and experimental^[2] approach under medieval Muslim psychologists and physicians, who built psychiatric hospitals for such purposes.^[3]

Though the use of psychological experimentation dates back to Alhazen's Book of Optics in 1021,^[2][4] psychology as an independent experimental field of study began in 1879, when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first laboratory dedicated exclusively to psychological research at Leipzig University in Germany, for which Wundt is known as the "father of psychology".^[5] 1879 is thus sometimes regarded as the "birthdate" of psychology. The American philosopher William James published his seminal book, Principles of Psychology,^[6] in 1890, while laying the foundations for many of the questions that psychologists would focus on for years to come. Other important early contributors to the field include Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909), a pioneer in the experimental study of memory at the University of Berlin; and the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936), who investigated the learning process now referred to as classical conditioning.

During the 1890s, the Austrian physician Sigmund Freud developed a method of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding of the mind was largely based on interpretive methods, introspection and clinical observations, and was focused in particular on resolving unconscious conflict, mental distress and psychopathology. Freud's theories became very well-known, largely because they tackled subjects such as sexuality, repression, and the unconscious mind as general aspects of psychological development. These were largely considered taboo subjects at the time, and Freud provided a catalyst for them to be openly discussed in polite society. Freud also had a significant influence on Carl Jung, whose analytical psychology became an alternative form of depth psychology. Philosopher Karl Popper argued that Freud's psychoanalytic theories were presented in untestable form.^[7] Due to their subjective nature, Freud's theories are often of limited interest to many scientifically-oriented psychology departments. Followers of Freud who accept the basic ideas of psychoanalysis but alter it in some way are called neo-Freudians. Modification of Jung's theories has led to the archetypal and process-oriented schools of psychological thought.

Psychology Subcategories Psychology Articles Psychology of Fitness by Melissa Allen Dec 25, 2008 It’s become more apparent to me lately just how many people have difficulty either getting started with a fitness program or simply adhering to one. I’m coming to believe that there is a certain mind set, or psychology let’s call it, behind the probl... Gardening Psychology by Jasper Sayer Nov 29, 2008 I don't know what it is about a garden that has always drawn humans to them. But they've always been very popular, and an integral part of peoples' lifestyles. Most religions feature gardens as the settings for some of the biggest events According to... Affirmations - Useful or waste of time? by Dimitri Papalexiou Jul 15, 2008 Affirmations, do they serve a useful purpose, or are they just a hocus pocus, new age waste of time? Just about everybody uses or has used affirmations one time or another. From the simple "I can get through this" or "Things will get... Obsession With Food — and Other Reasons Why Diets Don't Work by e. Raymond Rock Feb 13, 2008 Counting calories, ordering special diet meals, measuring out portions - these are indications that we remain mesmerized and captivated by food - food has taken over our entire lives with no escape; food is an addiction no different from her... Life Coach Counseling: Becoming More Popular by alvin harrigan Feb 06, 2008 People who can motivate others, and help them set goals can become part of life coach counseling. This is one of the fastest growing fields, and a variety of training programs have been created to help meet the demand. There is a need for life coach ... Binaural Sound Healing Music: Sound Therapy by alvin harrigan Feb 06, 2008 Binaural sound healing music involves two different sound frequencies created to be in perfect tune with a piece of music's key. The frequencies are embedded into the piece of music and then separately fed into each ear through headphones. The brain ... London builders: Interior Psychology. Part Two. by Arthur Prude Aug 06, 2007 For example, a living room cannot be altogether a dining room, a bedroom cannot serve a function of a study at the same time. In terms of psychology, the most important here is privacy and even intimacy of lives of house dwellers. On the contrary, an... Dance can Play an Effective Part in Mental Health Programs by Luz Cudjoe Jul 04, 2007 Dance as a means of restoring and maintaining mental health is a treatment method well known in parts of the world where people lead less fragmented lives than in industrialized countries. Dance Movement therapy gives the participants more than just... Get Mental: Psychology of Strength by Josh Hewett Mar 12, 2007 “True strength comes from within”. We’ve all heard similar sayings. Most successful athletes know that their mentality plays a strong role in their performance. Many recreational athletes and trainees also realize on some level that their... Help! I Need a Counselor! by Melody Brooke Feb 13, 2007 If you, like many people, have an underlying sense of dissatisfaction with your life, have unsatisfying relationships, have bouts of “the blues” or just feel trapped in your life, then you may want to find a therapist. A good therapist can help. If...