Protein Articles from GINASRECIPES.COM Free Article Directory

Search our Site:

Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined by a gene and encoded in the genetic code. Although this genetic code specifies 20 "standard" amino acids plus selenocysteine and - in certain archaea - pyrrolysine, the residues in a protein are sometimes chemically altered in post-translational modification. This can happen either before the protein is used in the cell, or as part of control mechanisms. Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function, and they often associate to form stable complexes.^[1]

Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions, such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton, which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape. Other proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle. Proteins are also necessary in animals' diets, since animals cannot synthesize all the amino acids they need and must obtain essential amino acids from food. Through the process of digestion, animals break down ingested protein into free amino acids that are then used in metabolism.

The word protein comes from the Greek word p??te??? (proteios) "primary". Proteins were first described and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius in a letter to G.J. Mulder in 1838. However, the central role of proteins in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926, when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a protein.^[2] The first protein to be sequenced was insulin, by Frederick Sanger, who won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958. The first protein structures to be solved included hemoglobin and myoglobin, by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, respectively, in 1958.^[3][4] The three-dimensional structures of both proteins were first determined by x-ray diffraction analysis; Perutz and Kendrew shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for these discoveries.

Proteins are linear polymers built from 20 different L-a-amino acids. All amino acids possess common structural features, including an a carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable side chain are bonded. Only proline differs from this basic structure as it contains an unusual ring to the N-end amine group, which forces the CO–NH amide moiety into a fixed conformation.^[5] The side chains of the standard amino acids, detailed in the list of standard amino acids, have different chemical properties that produce three-dimensional protein structure and different reactivities, are therefore critical to protein function.^[6]

Protein Subcategories Protein Articles Lose Weight with Proper Nutrition by Michael Podlesny Jan 07, 2009 If your mission, goal, resolution or whatever you are calling it, is to lose weight, then there is no better, more sure fire way to burn that fat then to implement a proper nutrition program. Before you start panicking and thinking you will be eatin... Making Cheap Homemade Carp And Catfish Bait! by Tim Richardson Jan 07, 2009 It is very easy to make a successful homemade bait for big carp and catfish and using a proven recipe to get you started is all you need to get the bait-making bug that can save you a fortune and catch loads of fish! This unique and successful fre... Increase Your Metabolism by Michael Podlesny Jan 06, 2009 In order to for your body to burn that unnecessary and unsightly fat, your body must burn it away through your body’s metabolism. Your metabolism is the rate at which your body burns fat. Ideally you want to increase your metabolic rate which in tu... Carp And Barbel Bait Making Made Simple Plus Recipes For Success! by Tim Richardson Jan 04, 2009 Many carp anglers also target barbel and both these hard fighting exciting fish can be caught on homemade baits with the same ingredients and effects. Certain ingredients are particularly successful for both so read on... Why do we eat food? ... Starting A Bodybuilding Workout: What You Should Know by Blake Johnson Dec 29, 2008 Men and Women everywhere are involved in the practice of a good bodybuilding workout programa. Sets and repetitions include a bodybuilding and exercise routines to gain muscle fast which are the bodybuilders exercise routines. Exercises such as this ... Carp fishing Bait Recipe Design And Boosting Readymade Baits! by Tim Richardson Dec 19, 2008 Don't miss these great carp fishing bait secrets that will help you understand carp bait design benefits and advantages and how to boost your readymade baits; introducing energy, protein, and carbohydrate ingredients and other attractive substances, ... Simple ways to maintain your weight during the holidays by Designer Whey Dec 17, 2008 Managing your weight during the holidays can be a struggle. The dinner table often features numerous delicious specialty dishes with all sorts of enticing deserts. This is the time we tend to toss our weight loss goals aside, indulge in the festiviti... Best Bodybuilding Workout: Rules To Follow by Blake Johnson Dec 17, 2008 The majority of people would be delighted at having smooth stomachs and so-called "washboard" abdominal muscles. They just haven't learned how to accomplish that yet. A superior bodybuilding and abs routine definitely would consist of abdominal exerc... High Protein Diet Meal Plans - The Good and Bad by Alvin Hopkinson Dec 08, 2008 When you begin looking for the best diet plan to bring you to your goal weight, you will likely come across some pretty wild ideas and suggestions. From fad diets to high protein diet meal plans and virtually everything in between. This article i... How much Protein is Good Protein? by Sheldon Feaster Dec 04, 2008 One among so many reasons why the low carb, high protein diets fail is that they lack sufficient quantities of the many nutrients and antioxidants found in vegetables, fruits, whole grains and legumes, which are necessary for your health and aidi...